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Voltage Regulators Receivers

In general, there are variations of voltage (potential difference between two points in a circuit) in the sources that provide power (amount made per unit time), which is why is necessary to compensate, try to get the supply is stable, both voltage and current (the current is considered as a flow of electrons through a conductor). For example the power that comes into our homes and businesses is alternating current (electric current in its magnitude and direction vary, are not constant, Figure 1) range from 110v to 120 v, but it is necessary to transform this current flow continuous or direct current (DC or CD, Figure 2), for the use of low-power devices used in this current electrical loads or the flow of electrons flowing in the same direction from the point of greatest potential for smaller (magnitude and direction are constant and always maintains the same polarity.

For a regulated output current requires a rectifier circuit shown in Fig 1, which convert alternating current to direct current, the need for this conversion and both at home and in businesses using electronic devices and appliances using direct current is needed because only one polarity sense.

Earlier in the rectification is used bulbs, the bulbs were devices that controlled the flow of electric current and was also known as vacuum tube by glass encapsulated form. Bulbs were used with one No. 81 only got half-wave rectification, which is used when half of a cycle (the positive cycle, Figure 3.1), and two got the full-wave rectification which is a totally positive cycle, reversing the negative cycle (from negative to positive, Figure 4.1). In our time and do not use tubes if not encapsulated semiconductor circuits, these are called diodes, which are engaged in this type of work they are called diodes to rectify any power range, they can be encapsulated individually or 4 diodes bridge with their polarizations are linked together in which two points are the input of AC outlets and two direct current and wave rectified, identifying the positive and negative, some diodes work as low power or signal switching diodes in DC circuits and low power. The package depends on the power dissipated, the low and medium are made of plastic and high power are encapsulated metal.

The simplest type of converter is rectifier, may be composed of one or more LEDs to the type of power and system used (half wave, full wave, bridge, polyphase or multiphase circuits, etc.). rectifier or not you have a transformer, isolation transformer either, reducer or multiplier), sometimes if necessary, the transformer is lower voltage, they can lower the voltage from 120v to 20v, 12v, etc. Coupling transformer and four diodes reduce the primary voltage of 162v peak AC voltage to a pulsating DC 34v, now with a capacitor is an unregulated power source. The rectifier can be composed of various components such as diodes, thyristors, or both in combination) as previously spoke of the diodes for the rectifiers most elementary are composed of these, which may have different circuit configurations. And they are affordable in price.

Below are the circuits for a half-wave rectifier and full wave:

WAVE AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

half-wave rectifier

As shown in the circuit only need a diode which works towards only one direction of current in the circuit shown the diode is forward biased, thus leaving only happen in the positive cycle and negative cycle the diode does not conduct, so called half-wave diode that passes only the positive half wave. When driving is as if a cable in place the voltage is the same, the current changes and is calculated with Ohm's law;

Where:

I = diode current (current through the diode)

V _i = input voltage (voltage across the diode)

R _L = load resistance

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Figure 4 full-wave rectifier circuit Figure 4.1 Wave Rectification complete

In these figures is shown as the diode bridge acts in voltage diode 2 and diode voltage 4 are polarized so direct so only let the positive cycle, diode and diode voltage 1 voltage 3 is reverse biased so that only happen at the positive cycle, so just pass cycles as positive wave is obtained fully rectified (full) as shown in Figure 4.1.

REGULATORS

voltage regulators are classified as linear regulators and switched. There is linear in linear series regulator and linear regulator parallel, these give out positive or negative, is a dual regulator which has both positive and negative output. The switch controller configurations behind the descent, ascent and power inverter.

Below is a breakdown of the different existing regulations important

• Line regulation: sewn for when you change the input voltage direct current, the voltage regulator must maintain a relatively constant output voltage.

• Load regulation: when the load current change by variation in load resistance, the regulator does its job which is to maintain an approximately constant output voltage across the load.

• basic series regulator: the control element is in series with the load between the input and output sampling circuit detects a change output voltage at the output, so the error listener realizes that compares the sample voltage with the reference voltage and causes the control element compensate for that you have a constant output voltage.

• regulator with current limitation on withdrawal: this is used in high current regulators where the output current when a load falls on lower value to avoid excessive power dissipation.

• basic parallel controller: this controller which has control transistor is a parallel bridge with the load, where the main resistance circuit is in series with the load that is the opposite of serial regulator. When the output voltage decreases due to a change in input voltage or load current decline is detected and applied to the noninverting input of the detector amplifier.

• switched regulator: it operates as a switch, is more efficient than previous ones because the transistor does not conduct all the time, this indicates that it may provide more current at low voltages.

• voltage regulator integrated circuits, are three-terminal devices, input, output and ground. Provide a fixed negative, positive fixed and adjustable positive and negative adjustable.

• current regulator: it has three terminals and can be used as a power source, when the batteries need to supply a constant current regulator provides a constant voltage set between Ground Terminal and Terminal output.

Advantages:

- voltage direct current is used in all electronic devices, and does not require a large rectification circuit.
- is very easy to convert alternating current into direct current.
- can have different regulators depending on the need USER

Disadvantages:
- serves only for devices with low power consumption.
- need to have a correction to convert the alternating current wave direct current.
- If you do not have the correct voltage for the device or item that needed work can burn the component where you're feeding

Some types of commercial regulators:

Proposal:

Just as the internet is saturated when many users are taking this, it is flawed by lack of capacity to supply all users, so with the voltage, and therefore at the same time that are needed This tends to lower the potential, therefore it is proposed analyze a circuit which when you see a voltage drop that increases, rather than lower it without damaging the load or you have an overload.

Conclusions:
- generators very important gift for the operation of electronic devices.
- The voltage regulator is useful for appliances and companies have a constant voltage and these are more durable.
- controller devices is very important for low power consumption.
- regulator helps protect the overload that exists in the AC.

References:

1. Operational amplifiers and linear integrated circuits, Robert F. Coughlin, Frederick F. Driscoll. Fifth edition, Pearson Prentice Hail Editorial. P. 442 - 463.
   

2. electronic devices, Thomson L. Floyd

First edition, Editorial Limusa Noriega Editores. P. 850 to 874.

3. visual teaching Hemphill (voltage amplifiers, correction, detection of amplification). Ralph Hemphill. Hemphill Schools, Pages: 26. 6, 27.
   

4. Electronics (Encyclopedia practice) "LED", David Lopez Aparicio. Ediciones Nueva Lente. P. 141 - 143.
   

5. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ (encyclopedia on the web.).
6. http://www.turimatica.galeon.com/album901214.html
7. http://www.villaindustrias.com/reguladores.html

Author:

Linda Hernadez Yescas Betsabe