blindness is defined as the inability of eye to recognize or collect light rays, preventing people who suffer from the disease to recognize objects by sight. Its birth can be caused by an accident, illness or hereditary.
life for a blind person is not easy, and more in a society heavily dependent on visual stimuli in daily life (signage, television, social image, computer, etc.).
To help these people adapt to daily life as well as possible multiple resources have been developed. And perhaps one of the most representative is the Braille system, invented by Louis Braille in the nineteenth century. This code is the representation letters and symbols by using cells consisting (usually) at six points distributed in two rows of 3.
Consitución basic braille character
All this was very useful and appropriate at the time, when things were relatively quiet socially. But because of rapid population growth, constant technological advances, transportation everywhere (cars, subways, airplanes, etc..), The current media heavily dependent on computer skills .... All this has created new needs to adapt and overcome obstacles to any kind of people, with much more reason for the blind. Finding deficiencies in previous methods such as displacement by "testing" using the arms, since, to cite one example in downtown Mexico City (DF) a person can not walk more than pushed by the large number of pedestrians going from here to there, hurry, hustle and other , that without the existing street vendors on the sidewalks, difficult and limited the freedom of mobility for the blind (in fact neither the staff and with great difficulty guide dogs can do much in this respect). Even by more than one person has highly developed his other senses, it will very hard to navigate there so much noise of cars, people, and others ... .. As for the learning needs Braille is still an option, still widely used and taught in schools for the blind, but anyway the existing knowledge is limited to books printed in Braille code, making it very difficult cultural growth for your own research new knowledge, limiting the personal growth of these people and hinders the ability to qualify for various jobs, to name something.
Just as advancing technology and growth of society has placed new barriers for the blind, has also made efforts to get them afloat (at least in technology). Several researchers have gone to task of using electronics to develop special electronic devices that blind people can develop in the social field as a professional. This is where science and electronics, computing, mechanics, acoustics, to name a few have worked together to create, improve and upgrade electronic devices capable of improving the quality of life of people with low vision and blind. All these efforts is what is known as Typhlotechnology.
is important to note that the problem of blindness affects very important about 37 million people in the world (according to World Health Organization , WHO), within which there are children, adolescents and adults. Therefore it is of great importance to develop the necessary tools for these people to integrate fully into society.
According to the above, try to include some electronic devices developed for this purpose.
- eBook speaker. be achieved through the Open Ebook and information system based on digital audio, so can have a new level of access to information for those with visual and reading disabilities.
Group "Recording" for blind and dyslexic (RFBYD) is responsible for developing this technology, saying it is of great importance to have a standardized way to digitize the information from books or information.
"RFBYD" says that although there are books on analog audio tape, Braille, CD, etc. are some drawbacks. As long production cycles and limited benefits.
For talking books available it was noted that it is difficult to search for text or make notes on a talking book, much less return to a specific page.
Conducting an e-book digital capacity can help especially People with dyslexia, as it facilitates learning and increases in large measure their levels of comprehension, reading speed and retention capacity.
Microsoft Corporation has pledged its support for the technology of digital talking books and DAISY Consortium announced a licensing agreement with Sound Corpy Labyrinten Data synchronization will make possible the picture-text electronic books created for the Microsoft Reader format.
Finally, this technology will allow the contents of the book is reproduced to a variety of ways, combining screen-reading services and access to audio books. Also enhances content navigation audio.
- intelligent reading machine for the blind (ALREADER). This device, developed by the Foundation View (a Colombian company) is a machine of great help for the blind, because of its ease to those persons able to read a variety of readings (books, pamphlets, etc. .) using a scanner (a device that lets you copy an image or text to be used in computers and similar devices, this is called "scanning the image or text) and player voice, which read in a voice sufficient and clear tone (selectable between 4 languages) have placed the text.
The following block diagram illustrates the procedure that takes this device to perform its functions: 
The figure shows the overall functioning of ALLREADER. For other properties that has this device, we find that you can use other electronic means associated with computers (such as USB keys, drives to store large amounts of information in a notebook}, CD's, among others, that the purpose of that information is, to cite a practical example, the Internet can be received through voice using the ALREADER. It has an option that seems very practical and accessible, which is that you can take the information already saved this device previously and stored in a CD so that if the blind person needs to resort again to information can do so with only put the CD into your recorder or stereo and listen to their own home without having to go back to where the ALREADER.
As to the great disadvantage by the unit (and all terms involving the reading for the blind) is the limiting of the images in the text, which there is no way that the machine can be described ( at least until We have not found a device that can do this directly from a print or internet). A solution that arises is to use the word located at the bottom of the images, written in such a way that can describe the best way what is illustrated there. - system to help blind people to explore its environment. As we know, is vital for a blind person to navigate in their environment as safe as possible, this in order to live their lives as normal as possible and continue its development as a person, trying to reduce dependency on aid others to perform these everyday activities. For this, electronics, acoustics, computing and communications (including science) have teamed up to develop electronic devices to help blind people to support their own senses to create mental images of their surroundings. We
from simple devices adapted electronically for greater utility as in the case of the white cane. In typical stick that we use to blind people to navigate have added devices such as proximity sensors (electronic devices that can determine how close an object or person of the stick, using light or ultrasonic waves, similar to those used by bats to settle in their environment), these sensors when they detect an object nearby, the staff can rattle through a small motor that begin to rotate causing the pole to vibrate, and the closer that the object of the stick, you can adjust the device to increase the vibrations and thus, depending on how strong the stick vibrates a blind person can locate the distance at which the object is located. Outline
basic operation of an electronic white cane. Another more complex device described continuación.Los responsible for this system are the teachers Frank Dellaert and Bruce Walker. This system is called SAWN (System for Wearable Audio Navigation) which has been designed for both blind and for people who have their eyesight weak. The aim of SAWN is to guide people in unfamiliar territory, particularly in those cases where vision is limited or not enough to find the right path.
Using a modular approach in designing a system for visually impaired, allows researchers to easily add new technologies of perception, and then to modify them or make it more flexible to use in other areas. One challenge that emerged was SAWN developing sound design guide that would be easy to perceive by the human ear and do not have discomfort or interference with sounds to be heard.
The team's current SWAN prototype consists of a small laptop computer worn on a backpack, a tracking chip, additional sensors including GPS, digital compass, a system that detects moving to where the user's head Four cameras with light sensors and special headphones that transmit sound vibrations through the skull. These headphones were used because they clog the ears, which would be an inconvenience and that the blind are guided by the sense of hearing. - Keyboard PC Braille. As we know, computers now play a crucial role in modern life, since they are a great source of information (say the Internet, electronic encyclopedias such as Encarta, etc.), use to perform certain legal procedures, carrying out work and very required presentations in companies, schools, etc. This is only a small part of the scope of this machine, now imagine how limited a person would be unable to use computers in this society depends on this way ... .. the great information that would be lost, or spend time in places that look and would to go to find .... Much worse when it comes to seeking employment (eg focusing on adults who are blind) they would hardly apply for the position (say, data collection, researcher, accountant, supervisor, etc..) Believing them inferior or incapable to perform that task. The well-used computer allows a great support for the development and improvement of any person, and for a blind person can be a key element in it. For this multiple devices have been developed that allow better interaction between the person who is blind or visually impaired with computer and other electronic systems. Citing some of them, we have the Braille keyboard for PCs.
This project was initiated in 2004 a proposal from the ONCE (English National Blind Organization), led by the researcher in the Department of Microelectronics and Electronic Systems UAB Jordi Rosy, visually impaired for 3 years and a member of ONCE.
This keyboard combines for the first time the function keys and scroll of a conventional keyboard with eight Braille keys that can write in any language. You can also choose between writing mode and corrective cumulative, ie they are alternative ways to mark points consist of a Braille symbol by pressing one after the other alternatives (Cumulative) or pressing them all simultaneously (corrective). This keyboard gives blind people enormous possibilities for working with mathematical formulas and music editing programs, which could not be performed.
Braille keyboard for PCs
- Appliances blind. These appliances are equipped with Bluetooth technology capable of communicating through a speech synthesis system. This progress is very important because existing aircraft caused many problems for people blind.
These new teams are ready to communicate using radio frequencies with a portable system developed by ONCE audible information that leads to all actions performed on the controls of household appliances. With this contribution of technology towards the blind or visually impaired is to incorporate this technology into other laptops
There are still many devices to help blind people to lead a life as full and self-sufficient as possible, of course and their respective limitations imposed by modern life and those to come in the future. It is therefore important that persons engaged in science technology (electronics, communications, computing) and social work together, proposing new projects and devices more complete, more easily available and more favorable economic access, so they can more effectively disseminated and cover a much larger population level to worldwide in order to successfully meet these devices work for humanity.
For more information, access the following:
· http://www.espacioparatodos.org/informa/marzo% 20 -% 20of% 202006.htm
· http://www .wayarredamenti.net/rootes/cucina_elettrodomestici_1167.htm
· http://teoveras.com.do/LibrosParlantesInvidentes.htm
· http://www.fundacionver.com/productos/allreader.html # feature
· http:// es.wikipedia.org / wiki / Braille # Principles
· http://www.invdes.com.mx/index.cfm
Roman García Cruz Diego Sanchez Daniel Barrera Gpe.
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